Until now the absolute chronology
of Egypt has been based solely on historical sources. Numerous architectural
monuments and historical inscriptions provide materials for studies on
chronology of pharaohs, the significant role of which by reconstructing the
history of this most interesting of all civilizations can not be
overestimated. Manetho’s
Chronicle
or royal lists engraved in stone plates and walls of tombs and temples are a
group of documents of, to large extent, questionable value due to their
incomplete condition as they are now. They include only some names of kings
and no dates. For all that however they allow for confirmation of sequence
of kings, especially those omitted from Palermo
Stone
and Turin Canon due to their damage. Royal
List of
Karnak engraved in a vestibule wall of the temple of Tuthmosis
III (dynasty XVIII) recently in the Museum of Louvre, includes 61 names of
rulers of dynasties XI, XIII and XVII. Unfortunately, due to the fact that
the royal names are not presented in historical order, it is of minor help
for establishing the Egyptian chronology.
Table of
Abydos
is still on the walls of the temple of Seti I at Abydos and has a list of
names of selected kings, running from Menes down to beginnings of the
dynasty XIX.
Table of Sakkara is a king list inscribed in
Saqqara tomb of
overseer of works
of Ramesses II (dynasty XIX). It has names of Ramesses II predecessors,
running from king Anedjib of dynasty I. An
important document for our comprehension of royal chronology is so called
Memphite genealogy of prophets, giving in 27cases the name of actually ruling king. Also
biographies of high officials, proudly presented in walls of their tombs,
became a source of numerous and significant data. Conventional
chronology is based on two astronomically
confident dates that are associated with rise of Sothis,
the event noted down by ancient Egyptian documents dated to times of XII and
XVIII dynasties. Periods of common rule of two rulers – the pharaoh and his
successor, called co-regency are a source of arguments between scholars and
make difficulties in precise dating. In periods of co-regency years of rule
of each ruler are counted together. The most significant for Egyptian
chronology co-regencies were in times of dynasties XII and XVIII. So called
biblical sources
are worth mentioning at this point as they are often referred to by those
creating proud history of Israel based on one of the most wonderful
civilizations ever existed on this globe – the Egyptian civilization.
Bible gives a lot of information, which might be immensely significant but
for that it has nothing to do with historical facts.
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